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Fire Rangers are the frontline guardians of our wildlands, protecting natural resources and communities from the devastating impact of wildfires. They combine deep ecological knowledge with specialized firefighting skills, playing a critical role in prevention, detection, and suppression efforts across vast, often remote, landscapes. This career offers a unique blend of outdoor adventure, vital public service, and continuous learning in fire science and land management.
$49,060 USD
Range: $30k - $70k+ USD
6%
as fast as average
≈8,400
A Fire Ranger is a frontline conservation and public safety professional primarily responsible for preventing, detecting, and providing initial response to wildfires in designated natural areas. They serve as eyes and ears on the ground, actively patrolling forests, parks, and wildlands to identify potential hazards and ensure public compliance with fire regulations. Their core purpose is to protect natural resources, wildlife habitats, and human lives from the devastating impact of uncontrolled fires.
This role differs significantly from a Firefighter, who primarily focuses on suppression and structural firefighting in urban or suburban settings. A Fire Ranger's emphasis is heavily on proactive prevention, early detection, and rapid initial attack in remote wilderness, often before a wildfire escalates. They are also distinct from Forest Rangers, who have broader responsibilities spanning resource management, law enforcement, and recreation, though some overlap in duties may occur in certain agencies.
The Fire Ranger role demands a unique blend of outdoor survival skills, technical firefighting knowledge, and a strong sense of responsibility for public safety and environmental protection. Qualifications are highly structured, often mandated by government agencies at federal, state, or provincial levels, which dictate specific training and certification requirements. These requirements can vary significantly based on the jurisdiction and the specific duties assigned.
For entry-level positions, practical experience in outdoor environments or conservation work often complements formal training. As Fire Rangers advance, they take on more leadership responsibilities, requiring advanced certifications in incident command, specialized equipment operation, and team management. While formal degrees are not always mandatory, programs in forestry, natural resource management, or emergency services provide a strong foundational understanding of the ecosystem and incident response protocols.
Certifications from recognized bodies like the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) in the U.S. or similar agencies internationally are crucial. These certifications, such as 'Red Card' qualifications, are essential for deployment in wildfire incidents. The skill landscape for Fire Rangers is continuously evolving with climate change impacting fire behavior and requiring adaptation to new technologies for detection, suppression, and communication. Balancing breadth of skills across various outdoor tasks with depth in firefighting techniques is vital for career progression in this field.
Becoming a Fire Ranger involves a blend of formal training, physical conditioning, and practical experience, differing significantly from urban firefighting roles. Entry paths vary, with some individuals starting as seasonal employees to gain initial experience, while others pursue specific academic programs in forestry or fire science. The timeline for entry can range from 6 months for seasonal positions requiring basic certifications to 2-3 years for full-time roles demanding more extensive training and experience.
Geographic location heavily influences opportunities; states and regions prone to wildfires, such as California, the Pacific Northwest, and parts of the Southwest, offer more entry points. Smaller, local fire departments or state park services might have different requirements than larger federal agencies like the U.S. Forest Service or Bureau of Land Management. Understanding these nuances helps candidates tailor their approach, whether focusing on a specific agency's hiring cycles or preparing for a broader range of opportunities.
A common misconception is that extensive prior firefighting experience is always necessary; while beneficial, many entry-level Fire Ranger positions prioritize foundational certifications, physical fitness, and a strong work ethic. Networking with current rangers, attending regional fire conferences, and participating in volunteer programs significantly enhance a candidate's visibility and understanding of the field. The hiring landscape values practical skills and a commitment to safety and environmental stewardship.
Becoming a Fire Ranger typically involves a blend of formal education and practical training, with pathways varying significantly. Formal degrees, such as an Associate's or Bachelor's in Forestry, Wildland Fire Science, or Natural Resource Management, provide a strong theoretical foundation. These programs usually span two to four years and can cost between $10,000 and $50,000 annually for tuition, depending on the institution. While not always strictly required, a degree can accelerate career progression and open doors to leadership roles, offering a comprehensive understanding of ecology, fire behavior, and land management.
Alternatively, many aspiring Fire Rangers enter the field through specialized certifications and vocational training. These programs, often offered by community colleges or state fire academies, focus on critical skills like wildland fire suppression tactics, incident command systems, and first aid. They typically range from a few weeks to several months and cost from a few hundred to several thousand dollars. Employers highly value practical experience and certifications from recognized bodies like the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG), often prioritizing candidates with specific certifications over those with only a general degree. Continuous learning through annual refreshers and advanced courses remains crucial for career advancement.
The emphasis on practical experience is paramount for Fire Rangers. While educational credentials provide foundational knowledge, hands-on experience in fire suppression, prescribed burns, and equipment operation is essential. Many entry-level positions require basic certifications and physical fitness, with on-the-job training filling knowledge gaps. Educational needs vary by specialization; a Fire Ranger focused on prevention might benefit more from public education courses, while one in direct suppression needs advanced fire behavior training. The market highly respects a combination of NWCG certifications and practical field experience, often valuing it more than a purely academic background for front-line roles.
Compensation for Fire Rangers varies significantly based on several factors, reflecting the demanding and critical nature of the role. Geographic location plays a major role, with salaries often higher in regions prone to frequent wildfires or those with higher costs of living, such as California or parts of the Pacific Northwest. Local demand for fire suppression and prevention services also influences pay scales, with more active fire seasons potentially leading to increased budgets and higher compensation.
Experience levels dramatically impact earning potential. Entry-level Fire Rangers earn less than those with years of experience, specialized training in areas like prescribed fire management or advanced rescue techniques, and proven leadership skills. Total compensation packages for Fire Rangers often extend beyond base salary, including hazard pay for dangerous assignments, overtime for extended shifts during active fires, and comprehensive benefits. These benefits typically encompass health insurance, retirement plans, and sometimes housing allowances, especially in remote areas.
Industry-specific trends, such as increased federal and state funding for wildland fire management, can drive salary growth. Performance bonuses are less common in this public service role, but opportunities for professional development and certifications enhance career progression and earning capacity. Remote work is generally not applicable to this field, as the role requires on-site presence. However, inter-agency agreements and national deployment opportunities can offer different pay structures based on the incident command system. While salary figures provided are in USD, international markets have their own distinct compensation structures for similar roles, influenced by national fire management policies and economic conditions.
| Level | US Median | US Average |
|---|---|---|
| Fire Ranger | $42k USD | $45k USD |
| Senior Fire Ranger | $55k USD | $58k USD |
Career progression for a Fire Ranger typically involves a clear progression from entry-level field work to supervisory and leadership roles. This path emphasizes increasing responsibility, specialized skills, and the ability to manage complex fire and resource management operations. Advancement depends on consistent performance, acquiring specialized certifications, and demonstrating leadership capabilities in high-pressure situations.
Individual contributor (IC) tracks for Fire Rangers focus on developing expertise in fire suppression, prevention, and resource management. This includes mastering various equipment, understanding fire behavior, and excelling in field operations. Management and leadership tracks, conversely, involve overseeing teams, coordinating larger incidents, and developing strategic plans for fire management and community protection. Lateral movement opportunities exist in related fields such as forestry, park management, or emergency services, often requiring additional training or certifications.
Factors influencing advancement include an individual's physical fitness, technical proficiency, incident command system (ICS) qualifications, and leadership potential. Company type, whether a federal agency, state department, or private contractor, also shapes career paths, with larger organizations often offering more structured progression. Networking within fire service communities, mentorship from experienced rangers, and maintaining a strong reputation for reliability and skill are crucial for career growth and opening doors to advanced positions or specialized units.
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Fire Ranger roles are globally critical, especially in regions prone to wildfires like Australia, North America, and Southern Europe. This profession involves direct fire suppression, prevention, and land management, translating across borders with similar core duties. Global demand rises with climate change impacts, making international experience valuable. Regulatory differences exist in equipment and protocols, yet fundamental skills are universal. Professionals consider international roles for diverse ecological challenges, advanced training, and contributing to global environmental resilience. International certifications in wildland fire management enhance mobility.
Fire Ranger salaries vary significantly by region, reflecting economic conditions and fire risk. In North America, a Fire Ranger in the US might earn $35,000 to $65,000 USD annually, while in Canada, salaries range from CAD 40,000 to CAD 70,000. These figures often include benefits like health insurance and retirement plans, typical for public sector roles.
European salaries show diversity. In Spain, an entry-level Fire Ranger might receive €20,000 to €30,000 annually. In countries like Sweden or Germany, where roles might be more integrated with forestry services, salaries can reach €35,000 to €55,000, with stronger social welfare benefits. Purchasing power parity is crucial; a lower nominal salary in Spain may offer comparable living standards to a higher salary in Germany due to cost of living differences.
Australia and New Zealand offer competitive compensation due to high wildfire risks. Australian Fire Rangers earn AUD 50,000 to AUD 80,000, often with hazard pay and overtime. New Zealand ranges from NZD 45,000 to NZD 75,000. These regions typically have robust superannuation (pension) schemes. Tax implications vary; for instance, Scandinavian countries have higher income taxes but provide extensive public services. Experience and specialized training, such as incident command or prescribed burning, directly influence compensation globally.
Understanding the current job market for Fire Rangers is essential for anyone pursuing this vital career. The landscape has changed significantly since 2023, shaped by escalating wildfire severity and technological advancements.
Post-pandemic shifts have seen a renewed interest in outdoor and public service roles, increasing competition for certain positions. Broader economic factors, particularly government budgets, directly influence funding for fire management agencies. Market realities for Fire Rangers vary considerably by region, with states and provinces prone to wildfires often having more opportunities. Experience levels also matter, with entry-level seasonal roles differing greatly from supervisory or specialized permanent positions. This analysis provides an honest assessment of these dynamics, helping you navigate your career path effectively.
Fire Ranger roles face increased competition, especially for seasonal positions, as more individuals seek outdoor work. Budget constraints in some regions reduce available permanent positions. The rising use of remote sensing and AI in fire detection means some traditional patrol duties are evolving, requiring new tech skills.
Despite challenges, strong demand exists in regions with escalating wildfire risks, such as the Western U.S., Canada, and Australia. These areas frequently seek qualified individuals for both seasonal and permanent roles. Emerging opportunities include specializations in prescribed fire management, fire behavior analysis with advanced tools, and community wildfire protection planning.
Professionals can gain an advantage by acquiring certifications in incident command systems, advanced first aid, and specialized equipment operation like masticators or dozers. Agencies also value experience with mapping software and drone technology for reconnaissance. Underserved markets often include remote or less populated areas that still face significant fire risks but attract fewer applicants.
Market corrections, especially those impacting other industries, can push more skilled labor towards public service roles like Fire Ranger, creating a deeper talent pool. Sectors within fire management focused on prevention, fuel reduction, and initial attack remain robust regardless of broader economic shifts. Investing in continuous training and obtaining advanced certifications in areas like wildland urban interface (WUI) mitigation can significantly improve career prospects and open doors to leadership roles within fire management agencies.
The role of a Fire Ranger is evolving rapidly, driven by climate change, advanced technology, and shifting land management paradigms. Traditional firefighting and prevention methods are being augmented by sophisticated tools and data-driven strategies. Understanding and adopting these emerging specializations is crucial for Fire Rangers looking to advance their careers and remain relevant in 2025 and beyond.
Early positioning in these cutting-edge areas offers significant advantages. Professionals who acquire skills in emerging fields often command premium compensation and experience accelerated career growth, as demand outstrips the supply of qualified personnel. While established specializations remain vital, focusing on new niches can unlock next-generation opportunities.
Most emerging areas begin as niche fields before becoming mainstream. For Fire Rangers, this timeline can range from three to seven years for substantial job opportunities to materialize. Strategic investment in these skills now prepares one for future leadership roles. Pursuing cutting-edge specializations involves a balance of risk and reward; while the future demand is high, the initial training infrastructure might still be developing. However, the potential for impact and career satisfaction in these vital roles is immense.
Making an informed career decision requires understanding both the benefits and challenges of a profession. The experience of a fire ranger can vary significantly based on the specific agency, geographic region, and the individual's role within a fire management team. Factors such as company culture, industry sector, and specialization area also influence daily realities. Furthermore, pros and cons may shift at different career stages, with early career rangers facing different hurdles than seasoned veterans. What one person views as a benefit, such as working outdoors, another might see as a challenge due to exposure to elements. This assessment provides an honest, balanced perspective to help individuals set appropriate expectations.
Becoming a Fire Ranger typically requires a combination of education, physical fitness, and specific certifications. Many roles prefer or require a degree in forestry, natural resource management, or a related field. You will also need to pass rigorous physical fitness tests, including the 'pack test,' and obtain certifications such as those from the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) for basic wildland fire suppression. Prior experience in outdoor work or emergency services is highly beneficial.
The timeline to become a Fire Ranger can vary, but generally, it takes 1-3 years to meet all requirements and secure an entry-level position. This includes time for academic studies if pursuing a degree, physical conditioning, and completing necessary certifications. Many start with seasonal or volunteer roles to gain experience, which can be a stepping stone to full-time employment. Networking within fire agencies and state parks can also accelerate the process.
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High school diploma or equivalent; some positions require an Associate's degree or specific certifications in fire science, forestry, or emergency management. Extensive on-the-job training and physical fitness are mandatory.
Fire Rangers primarily work outdoors in diverse and often challenging natural environments, including forests, grasslands, and remote wilderness areas. Their work is physically demanding, requiring significant walking, hiking, and manual labor in varying weather conditions, from extreme heat to cold.
Teamwork is fundamental; rangers often work in small crews, relying heavily on clear communication and coordination. While some administrative tasks happen in an office or station, the majority of their time involves fieldwork, patrols, and incident response. Schedules can be irregular, especially during fire seasons, with long shifts, on-call duties, and potential deployments to different regions. This role offers limited remote work options due to its hands-on nature.
Fire Rangers utilize a range of specialized tools and technologies to perform their duties effectively. For communication and navigation, they rely on two-way radios, satellite phones, and GPS devices to maintain contact and track locations in remote areas.
Their work involves various hand tools like shovels, pulaskis, axes, and chainsaws for clearing firebreaks and managing vegetation. They also operate pumps, hoses, and water tenders for direct fire suppression. Vehicles such as 4x4 trucks, ATVs, and sometimes snowmobiles are essential for accessing diverse terrain.
They use weather monitoring equipment, including Kestrel meters, to assess fire danger. Data collection often involves ruggedized tablets or field computers running specialized mapping and reporting software for incident documentation and hazard assessment.
| Lead Fire Ranger |
| $68k USD |
| $72k USD |
| Fire Ranger Supervisor | $80k USD | $85k USD |
The job market for Fire Rangers shows steady demand, driven by increasing wildfire activity and a growing emphasis on wildland-urban interface protection. Climate change is a significant factor, leading to longer and more intense fire seasons across many regions, particularly in the western United States. This trend ensures a consistent need for skilled personnel in fire prevention, suppression, and recovery efforts.
Growth outlook for Fire Rangers is projected to remain stable, with some areas experiencing higher demand due to specific environmental conditions or population growth in fire-prone zones. Technological advancements, such as drone technology for surveillance and mapping, and improved fire behavior modeling, are evolving the role but are unlikely to automate it entirely. Instead, these technologies augment the Fire Ranger's capabilities, requiring continuous training and adaptation to new tools and methods.
The supply and demand dynamics for Fire Rangers can be challenging. While there is consistent demand, recruiting and retaining qualified personnel can be difficult due to the physically demanding nature of the job, seasonal employment cycles, and inherent dangers. This creates a competitive environment for agencies seeking skilled individuals, potentially leading to better compensation and benefits for experienced rangers. Future-proofing this career involves continuous skill development in areas like advanced first aid, incident management, and specialized equipment operation.
Geographic hotspots for Fire Ranger opportunities include states like California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, and Colorado, where wildfire risks are historically high. Federal agencies like the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and National Park Service are major employers, alongside state and local fire departments. This profession is largely recession-resistant, as fire management is an essential public safety service that cannot be deferred, regardless of economic conditions.
Performs entry-level duties in wildland fire suppression, prescribed burning, and fuel reduction. Works under direct supervision as part of a fire crew. Responsibilities include maintaining equipment, participating in training drills, and conducting initial attack operations. This role has limited decision-making authority and focuses on executing assigned tasks safely and effectively.
Develop foundational skills in wildland fire suppression techniques, including hose lays, hand tool use, and pump operations. Gain proficiency in operating and maintaining fire apparatus. Focus on learning fire behavior basics and safety protocols. Obtain required certifications, such as NWCG Wildland Firefighter Type 2 (FFT2) and basic first aid.
Assumes more independent roles in fire suppression and prevention activities. Acts as a skilled crew member, often leading small tasks or specific assignments on a fireline. Provides guidance to junior rangers and ensures adherence to safety standards. Makes tactical decisions within defined parameters during incidents and contributes to incident action plans.
Master advanced fire suppression tactics and strategies, including complex pump operations and specialized equipment use. Develop strong situational awareness and decision-making skills under pressure. Obtain NWCG Wildland Firefighter Type 1 (FFT1) and Incident Commander Type 5 (ICT5) qualifications. Begin mentoring newer rangers and contributing to crew training.
Leads a specific fire crew or specialized unit during wildland fire incidents and prescribed burns. Responsible for the safety, training, and performance of their assigned team. Makes critical tactical decisions on the fireline and manages resources effectively. Coordinates with other crews and incident command personnel to achieve operational objectives.
Develop strong leadership and team management skills. Enhance incident command system (ICS) qualifications to higher levels, such as Incident Commander Type 4 (ICT4) or Strike Team Leader (STL). Focus on strategic planning for fire incidents, resource allocation, and inter-agency coordination. Cultivate advanced communication and problem-solving abilities.
Oversees the operations of multiple fire crews or a specific fire district/station. Manages staffing, equipment, and training programs. Responsible for strategic planning, incident response coordination, and ensuring compliance with all safety and operational protocols. Provides mentorship to Lead Fire Rangers and contributes to broader organizational fire management policies.
Develop comprehensive leadership and administrative skills for managing multiple crews or a fire station. Focus on advanced incident management, budget oversight, and personnel development. Obtain higher-level ICS qualifications, such as Division/Group Supervisor (DIVS) or Operations Section Chief (OSC). Cultivate strong community relations and emergency preparedness planning skills.
International remote work for Fire Rangers is extremely limited due to the hands-on, field-based nature of the role. Most duties require physical presence in forests, parks, and fire-prone areas. Some administrative or planning functions, such as mapping, data analysis, or public education material development, might occasionally occur remotely, but these are auxiliary to the core responsibilities.
Digital nomad opportunities are not applicable to Fire Rangers. Countries do not offer remote work visas for roles requiring direct physical presence. Employer policies for international remote work are non-existent for this profession, as global hiring models do not fit its operational needs. Salary expectations are tied to the local cost of labor where the physical work is performed. Equipment includes specialized firefighting gear, not typical remote office setups. Internet requirements are minimal for field operations, but reliable communication is essential for safety.
Visa requirements for Fire Rangers typically fall under skilled worker categories, often requiring employer sponsorship. Popular destination countries include Canada, Australia, and the US, which have significant wildland areas and established fire management agencies. Requirements often include a clean criminal record, physical fitness assessments, and relevant experience. Some countries may require specific certifications like NWCG (National Wildfire Coordinating Group) in North America or equivalent national qualifications.
Credential recognition is vital; forestry or environmental science degrees often aid applications. Professional licensing is usually handled by regional or state authorities. Visa timelines vary, from several months to over a year, depending on the country and visa type. Pathways to permanent residency exist, particularly in countries seeking skilled workers for essential services. Language requirements, such as English proficiency for Canada or Australia, are common. Some regions may offer fast-track programs for critical emergency services personnel, but these are often highly selective. Family visas are possible for dependents once the primary applicant secures their work visa.
Hiring for Fire Rangers currently shows stable demand, particularly for seasonal and contract positions in high-risk wildfire areas. The 2023-2024 wildfire seasons, marked by extreme conditions, have highlighted the critical need for ground-level prevention and initial attack crews. This has driven consistent, albeit often temporary, hiring.
Economic conditions influence state and federal budgets, which directly impact the number of Fire Ranger positions available. While emergency funding often boosts seasonal hiring, long-term, permanent roles remain tied to stable government allocations. Generative AI and advanced satellite imaging are enhancing predictive modeling for fire behavior and detection, shifting some aspects of a Fire Ranger's surveillance duties towards technology-assisted operations. This means rangers increasingly use digital tools for mapping and reporting.
Employer requirements now emphasize not just physical fitness and outdoor skills, but also proficiency with GPS, digital communication systems, and basic data entry for incident reporting. Many agencies seek candidates with certifications in wildland fire suppression, first aid, and even basic drone operation for reconnaissance. Salary trends for seasonal Fire Rangers remain modest, often tied to government pay scales, while permanent roles offer better stability and benefits. Market saturation occurs at entry-level seasonal roles in popular regions, but specialized roles or those in remote, high-risk areas often see less competition. Remote work is not applicable to this role, as it requires on-site presence. Hiring typically peaks in late winter and early spring in preparation for warmer months.
As wildfires become more extreme and frequent, the ability to predict their behavior with high accuracy is paramount. This specialization focuses on utilizing advanced meteorological data, topographical analysis, and fuel moisture content to model fire spread. Fire Rangers in this area employ sophisticated software and AI-driven algorithms to forecast fire paths, intensity, and optimal suppression strategies, providing critical information for resource allocation and evacuation planning.
The integration of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, is transforming wildfire management. Fire Rangers specializing in drone operations use these tools for initial incident reconnaissance, real-time fire mapping, hot spot identification, and even controlled ignition for prescribed burns. This role demands expertise in drone piloting, data acquisition, and the ability to process aerial imagery to provide actionable intelligence to ground crews.
Effective wildfire prevention increasingly relies on understanding and managing forest ecosystems through strategic interventions. This specialization involves designing and implementing prescribed burns, thinning operations, and fuel break construction to reduce wildfire risk. Fire Rangers in this area possess deep knowledge of ecological principles, fire science, and land management techniques to restore forest health and create fire-resilient landscapes.
Community engagement is critical for creating fire-adapted communities. This specialization focuses on educating residents about wildfire risks, developing evacuation plans, and promoting defensible space practices. Fire Rangers in this role work directly with homeowners, community groups, and local governments to build resilience, foster preparedness, and implement mitigation strategies at the wildland-urban interface.
The complexity of wildfire incidents demands sophisticated logistical support and resource tracking. This emerging area focuses on optimizing the deployment of personnel, equipment, and supplies across large-scale incidents using real-time tracking systems and inventory management software. Fire Rangers in this specialization ensure efficient resource allocation, minimize waste, and maintain operational readiness under high-pressure conditions.
Entry-level Fire Ranger salaries typically range from $30,000 to $45,000 annually, depending on the agency, location, and whether the position is seasonal or permanent. Experienced rangers with specialized skills or leadership roles can earn $50,000 to $70,000 or more. Benefits often include health insurance, retirement plans, and paid time off, particularly for permanent positions. Overtime during fire season can significantly boost earnings.
Work-life balance for a Fire Ranger is significantly impacted by fire season. During peak fire activity, you can expect long shifts, often 14-16 hours a day, for multiple days or weeks, with limited time off. Outside of fire season, the schedule is more predictable, often 40 hours a week, focusing on prevention, maintenance, and training. This role demands flexibility and a willingness to be deployed on short notice, which can be challenging for personal commitments.
Job security for Fire Rangers is generally stable due to the ongoing need for wildfire management and prevention. As climate change increases wildfire risks, the demand for skilled rangers remains high across federal, state, and local agencies. While some positions are seasonal, many agencies offer paths to permanent employment, providing good career stability and opportunities for advancement. Budget fluctuations can sometimes impact hiring, but the core need persists.
Career growth for a Fire Ranger can involve specializing in areas like prescribed fire, fire investigation, or public education. Opportunities also exist for advancement into supervisory roles, such as crew boss, incident commander, or fire management officer. Many rangers transition into other natural resource management positions or move into training and policy development roles within fire agencies. Continuous training and gaining diverse experience are key to progression.
The most significant challenge for Fire Rangers is the inherent danger of wildfire suppression, which involves working in unpredictable and hazardous environments. Physical and mental resilience are crucial due to demanding shifts, smoke exposure, and high-stress situations. Another challenge is the seasonal nature of many roles, which can affect income consistency and long-term planning. Adapting to constantly evolving fire conditions and working closely in a team are also critical aspects.
Remote work is generally not an option for Fire Rangers, as the role requires active presence in the field for fire suppression, prevention, and resource management. Rangers are often stationed at remote fire lookouts, ranger stations, or deployed directly to fire lines. While administrative tasks might occasionally be done remotely, the core duties are hands-on and location-dependent. Flexibility in living near assigned duty stations or being willing to relocate for assignments is often necessary.
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